ACCOUNTABILITY DIVIDE OP-ED: SA and Kazakhstan reveal sharply contrasting paths to biological weapons dismantlement

South Africa’s apartheid-era Project Coast biological weapons programme was dismantled in the 1990s with limited transparency, external oversight and accountability, leaving unresolved concerns about materials, records and expertise. In contrast, Kazakhstan’s more transparent, internationally supervised dismantlement highlights the importance of verification, institutional safeguards and redirecting former weapons scientists towards peaceful research to prevent proliferation.